COBOL Arrays – Tutorial And Example

COBOL RANGES

• Rather of specifying the very same kind of information numerous times that might fall under the very same classification or group, COBOL supplies us with an effective function called as range

• To enhance the use and home of components, these components of the very same type and behaviour can be organized in the internal table, and described as range.

• The records/data, which are to be saved in a range should include comparable homes, i.e., PHOTO STIPULATION.

• Varieties are divided in the kind of rows and columns.

• A selection can be of various types; 1– dimensional, 2-dimensional.

INTERNAL TABLE COMMAND OR RANGES

FOR INSTANCE,

Expect we need to specify the days of the week, either we can represent declarations like this.

Rather of doing this, we can merely specify internal table week and later on input these components in a single group making it simple for us to control information.

HAPPEN STIPULATION:

• The take place Claus is utilized to specify the variety of events of a component in a table or range.

• Occur Claus need to be utilized for group or primary information products just.

• Depending upon the kind of range, i.e., one dimensional or two-dimensional, we can have numerous take place Claus.

• To access the components of the table, we can utilize index or subscript.

• One dimensional range consists of one OCCUR provision, and the two-dimensional range consists of 2 OCCUR Claus.

REFERRING ASPECTS IN AN SELECTION:

There are 2 methods to describe the components in a range:

1) INDEX:-

It describes the displacement position of number from the starting of a range, likewise referred to as balanced out. We utilize the” INDEX BY” provision to state index, and we do not specify index in the working storage area.

SYNTAX =>>

EXAMPLE => > utilizing the above syntax

If we increase the index by 1, the length gets increased by the length specified in the PHOTO provision.

How to appoint a worth to the index?

The SET STIPULATION is utilized to start INDEX or to set the worth of the INDEX.

EXAMPLE =>>

a) SET index-1 to index-2

b) SET index-1 to 1

c) SET index-1 UP BY 1

d) SET index-1 DOWN BY 1

KEEP IN MIND:- SET is likewise utilized to set the worth of switch to ON/ OFF. It can likewise be utilized to appoint REAL/ FALSE to a conditional declaration.

2) SUBSCRIPT:-

• An important information product that explains the variety of event of components in a range.

• Subscript describes the memory place of a specific information product and where it lives. It suggests the assigned memory is not the real memory; rather points towards the position of the information product.

• The subscripts are specified in the working storage area with

‘ PHOTO a9( 04) COMPENSATION ‘.

• To initialize the subscript, we need to utilize the RELOCATION declaration.

• Subscript begins with number 1 and later on 1 is increased each time with the aid of ADD function.

EXAMPLE =>>

— To refer a component one in the last example, we need to provide NAME-DAY( 1 )

— In order to choose component 2 in the last example, we need to do the following

NAME– DAY (2) and so on …

SAMPLE PROGRAM–

This is a demonstration program to find out and comprehend the principle of one-dimensional range and how to appoint worths to range.

THE OUTPUT WILL BE

Here in this program, we have actually designated a couple of variables with various worths and later on controlled the output utilizing various homes of a range to make you clear about the various ideas connected to ONE DIMENSIONAL SELECTION. With this program and output, you will have the ability to comprehend how practical and simple selections are.

SAMPLE PROGRAM–

This is a demonstration program to find out and comprehend the principle of two-dimensional range and how to appoint worths to range.

THE OUTPUT WILL BE

Here in this program, we have actually designated a couple of variables with various worths and later on controlled the output utilizing various homes of a range to make you clear about the various ideas connected to TWO-DIMENSIONAL SELECTION. With this program and output, you will have the ability to comprehend how practical and simple multi-dimensional selections are.

SAMPLE PROGRAM–

This is a demonstration program to find out and comprehend the principle of index by home of a range and how to appoint worths to range.

THE OUTPUT WILL BE

Here in this program, we have actually designated a couple of variables with various worths and later on controlled the output utilizing various homes of a range to make you clear about the various ideas connected to INDEX BY home of a RANGE.

SAMPLE PROGRAM–

This is a demonstration program to find out and comprehend the principle of subscript home of a range and how to appoint worths to range.

THE OUTPUT WILL BE

Here in this program, we have actually designated a couple of variables with various worths and later on controlled the output utilizing various homes of a range to make you clear about the various ideas connected to the SUBSCRIPT home of a RANGE.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDEX AND SUBSCRIPT

As we are currently mindful, both index and subscript are effective tools in COLOB shows and mainly do the very same job, however still, there’s a substantial distinction that we will be talking about.

INDEX =>>

• Describes the balanced out or displacement in the starting of a range.
• We utilize INDEX BY Claus to start the worth.
• INDEX is much quicker compared to SUBSCRIPT as it describes the memory place, so it has relatively much better and faster efficiency.
• INDEX is not specified in the working storage area and is initialized by the SET operation.

SUBSCRIPT =>>

• It describes the range components’ event, and we do not utilize the INDEX BY provision to start.
• SUBSCRIPT is much slower compared to INDEX, as it does not describe memory place.
• We need to specify SUBSCRIPT in the working storage area and is initialized by WORTH or RELOCATION declarations.

SEARCH AND SEARCH ALL

In specific scenarios, we need to look for a specific record or worth present in a table. We will browse all the information by hand, discovering specific information, however that is not that simple. Rather, we can utilize commands like search or browse all t o quickly filter the total information and discover our wanted outcome.

SEARCH =>>

It is a direct or consecutive search and is mainly utilized in tables and range where information is not arranged.

SYNTAX =>>

</p> <p>SEARCH TABLE – NAME[ VARYING { identifier1 / index1 } ]<br /> [ AT END Statement ]<br /> {WHEN ConditionPass.<br /> {declaration/ NEXT SENTENCE/ CONTINUE} …}<br /> END – SEARCH.<br />

SEARCH TABLE – NAME [ VARYING { identifier1 / index1 } ] [ AT END Statement ] { WHEN ConditionPass { declaration / NEXT SENTENCE / CONTINUE } . } END – SEARCH

SEARCH ALL =>>

It is a kind of binary search and is mainly utilized when selections and tables are currently arranged.

SYNTAX =>>

</p> <p>SEARCH ALL TABLE – NAME.<br /> [ AT END Statement ]<br /> {WHEN ConditionPass.<br /> {declaration/ NEXT SENTENCE/ CONTINUE} …}<br /> END – SEARCH.<br />

SEARCH ALL TABLE – NAME [ AT END Statement ] { WHEN ConditionPass { declaration / NEXT SENTENCE / CONTINUE } . } END – SEARCH

DISTINCTION IN BETWEEN SEARCH AND SEARCH ALL

SEARCH =>>

• SEARCH is utilized to discover a component or record present in a direct way, likewise referred to as consecutive search.
• We can code the SEARCH command for the tables and selections that have record either arranged or unsorted, however we mainly utilize look for unsorted tables.
• In this kind of search, the index should be initialized.
• There is no principle for rising and coming down type in SEARCH.

SEARCH ALL =>>

• SEARCH ALL is utilized to discover components or record present in BINARY format, likewise referred to as BINARY search.
• We can code the SEARCH ALL command for the tables and selections that have actually arranged records.
• In this kind of search, the index does not need to be initialized.
• Rising and coming down essential need to be specified in a range while utilizing the SEARCH ALL command.

SAMPLE PROGRAM–

This is a demonstration program to find out and comprehend the principle of search all home of a range and how to appoint worths to range.

</p> <p>RECOGNITION DEPARTMENT.<br /> PROGRAM-ID. SEARCH.<br /> DATA DEPARTMENT.<br /> WORKING-STORAGE AREA.<br /> 01 WS-STORE..<br /> 05 WS-PRODUCT TAKES PLACE 3 TIMES RISING SECRET IS.<br /> WS-ITEM-CODE INDEXED BY IDX.<br /> 10 WS-ITEM-CODE PHOTO 9( 05 ).<br /> 01 WS-ITEM-VAL PHOTO 9( 05) WORTH 12345..<br /> TREATMENT DEPARTMENT.<br /> SET IDX TO 1.<br /> CARRY OUT PROD-DETAILS UNTIL IDX > > 3.<br /> CARRY OUT SEARCH-ALL-PARA.<br /> STOP RUN.<br /> PROD-DETAILS.<br /> MOVE WS-ITEM-VAL TO WS-ITEM-CODE( IDX).<br /> DISPLAY SCREEN” ITEM” WS-ITEM-CODE( IDX).<br /> ADD 1 TO WS-ITEM-VAL.<br /> SET IDX UP BY 1.<br /> SEARCH-ALL-PARA.<br /> SEARCH ALL WS-PRODUCT.<br /> AT END DISPLAY SCREEN “RECORD NOT FOUND”.<br /> WHEN WS-ITEM-CODE( IDX) = 12346.<br /> DISPLAY SCREEN “RECORD FOUND”.<br /> DISPLAY SCREEN WS-ITEM-CODE( IDX).<br /> END-SEARCH.<br />

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

RECOGNITION DEPARTMENT PROGRAM– ID SEARCH DATA DEPARTMENT WORKING– STORAGE AREA 01 WS– SHOP 05 WS– ITEM TAKES PLACE 3 TIMES ASCENDING SECRET IS WS– PRODUCT– CODE INDEXED BY IDX 10 WS– PRODUCT– CODE PHOTO 9( 05) 01 WS– PRODUCT– VAL PHOTO 9( 05) WORTH 12345. TREATMENT DEPARTMENT SET IDX TO 1. PERFORM PROD– INFORMATION UNTIL IDX >> 3. PERFORM SEARCH– ALL– PARA STOP RUN PROD– INFORMATION RELOCATION WS– PRODUCT– VAL TO WS– PRODUCT– CODE( IDX) DISPLAY SCREEN ” ITEM “ WS– PRODUCT– CODE( IDX) ADD 1 TO WS– PRODUCT– VAL SET IDX UP BY 1. SEARCH– ALL– PARA SEARCH ALL WS– ITEM AT END DISPLAY SCREEN ” RECORD NOT FOUND” WHEN WS– PRODUCT– CODE( IDX) = 12346 DISPLAY SCREEN ” RECORD FOUND” DISPLAY SCREEN WS– PRODUCT– CODE( IDX) END– SEARCH

THE OUTPUT WILL BE

</p> <p>ITEM 12345.<br /> ITEM 12346.<br /> ITEM 12347.<br /> RECORD FOUND.<br /> 12346.<br />

ITEM 12345 ITEM 12346 ITEM 12347 RECORD FOUND 12346

Here in this program, we have actually designated a couple of variables with various worths and later on controlled the output utilizing various homes of a range to make you clear about the various ideas connected to the SEARCH ALL home of a RANGE.